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Samuel Stehman Haldeman 



A MEMOIR 



By CHARLES HENRY HART 



MEMOIR 



OF 



SAMUEL STEHMAN HALDEMAN LL D 



Professor of Comparative Philology 



University of Pennsylvania 



By CHARLES HENRY HART 



HISTORIOGRAPHER OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA 

LIFE MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL 

SOCIETY ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC 



[Reprinted from The Penn Monthly for August 1881] 
WITH AN APPENDIX. 



PHILADELPHIA 
1881 



•A t <- 







V 



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Tress of Edward Stern & Co., 

125 and 127 N. Seventh Street, 

Philadelphia. 






SAMUEL STEHMAN HALDEMAN. 

Tl [E writer of the following memoir had occasion to prepare a 
brief necrology of the late Professor Haldeman, soon after his 
lamented death, for one of the learned societies with which he was 
connected. In looking for material for the purpose, lie was met with 
an embarras des richesses, which, owing to the limits then imposed 
upon him, he could not use; but deeming the matter thus gathered 
of too much importance to be lost, he has employed it in the 
preparation of the following pages. 

Samuel Stehman Haldeman, was born August 1 2th, 18 1 2, at 
Locust Grove, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a family homestead 
situated on the eastern bank of the Susquehanna River, twenty 
miles below Harrisburg. He was descended, in the seventh gene- 
ration, from Honeste Gaspard Haldimand (Caspar Haldeman, Ger- 
man spelling,) of Thun, Switzerland, who became a citizen of 
Yverdun, Canton de Vaud, in 1671. His grandson, Jacob, born 
October /th, 1722, in a canton of Neufchatel, died December 31st, 
1784, in Rappo township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, where 
he settled on first coming to this country and purchased a con- 
siderable tract of land. He adopted the German method of spell- 
ing his name, doubtless out of a desire for kindly feeling among 
his neighbors — that section of the State being settled almost exclu- 
sively by Germans — and took an active interest in the affairs of 
the colony, being chosen a member of the Committee of Public 
Safety for his adopted shire, on {he breaking out of the war of the 
.Revolution. The eldest brother of Jacob Haldeman, was the noted 
British general Sir Frederick Haldimand, K. B., who, after serving 
with distinction in the armies of Sardinia and Prussia, entered the 
military service of King George in 1754, was appointed Lieutenant 
Colonel of the Sixtieth Regiment Royal Americans, January, 1756, 
and the next year was despatched to America, which was to be the 
field of his future service, and where, prior to the Revolution, he 
made frequent visits to his brother in Lancaster county. Early in 
1776, he was commissioned a General in America, and subsequently 
became Commander in Chief of his Majesty's forces, succeeding Guy 



Carleton, Lord Dorchester, as Governor of the Province of Quebec, 
when he received the honor ofknighthood, May 19, 1778. Headmin- 
ntered this office until the close of 1784, when he returned to Eng- 
land and died at his native Yverdun, June 5, 1 79 1 , in his seventy- 
third year. A tablet has been erected to the memory of General 
Haldimand, in Westminster Abbey, in the Chapel of Henry VII. 

A niece of Jacob and Sir Frederick, was Mrs. Marcet, the cele- 
brated scientific writer, who was Jane Haldimand, before she mar- 
ried Dr. Alexander Marcet. It seems as if this distinguished woman, 
whose name is almost unknown to the general reading public of 
to-day, should not be passed by unnoticed, especially in view of the 
fact that her kinsman, who is the special subject of this memoir, fol- 
lowed in some respects closely upon her footsteps. Mrs. Marcet was 
the first writer to attempt to popularize science, by the publication 
of her Conversations on Chemistry, Natural Philosophy, Botany, 
Mineralogy, Language and Political Economy. Macaulay said of 
the last of these works, " Every girl who has read Mrs. Marcet's 
little dialogues on Political Economy, could teach Montague or 
Walpole many lessons in finance ;" and Faraday, gleaned his first 
knowledge of science from the book which heads the list. In long 
after years, when speaking of what he owed to this remarkable 
woman, Faraday wrote, " When I questioned Mrs. Marcet's book 
by such little experiments as I could find means to perform, and 
found it true to the facts as I could understand them, I felt that I 
had got hold of an anchor in chemical knowledge, and clung fast to 
it. Thence my deep veneration for Mrs. Marcet — first, as one who 
had conferred great personal good and pleasure on me; and then as 
one able to convey the truth and principle of those boundless fields 
of knowledge which concern natural things to the young, untaught, 
and inquiring mind. You may imagine my delight when I came 
to know Mrs. Marcet personally ; how often I cast my thoughts 
backward, delighting to connect the past and present ; how often, 
when sending a paper to her as a thank-offering, I thought of my 
first instructress, and such thoughts will remain with me." 

Jacob Haldeman's son John (1 75 3- 1 83 2) settled at Locust Grove, 
which in turn became the property of his eldest son, John Brene- 
man Haldeman (1779-1836), from whom it passed to his fourth son, 
Henry Haldeman (1787-1-849), who married Frances Stehman 
(1 794- 1 826), and was the father of the subject of our notice. Samuel 



5 

Stehman Haldeman was the eldest of seven sons and as a boy 
developed great fondness for investigating nature. This taste was 
promoted by the encouragement he received from his estimable 
father, who was a bookish man and proud of the bent so early 
developed in the mind of his eldest son. When a mere child he 
formed a museum of specimens in natural history and aboriginal 
stone implements, gathered in the vicinity of his home, which he 
located in the loft of the family carriage-house. Until the age of 
thirteen he attended the local schools in the neighborhood, receiv- 
ing such elementary groundwork as they were capable of affording. 
At this early age he had the misfortune to be deprived of a mother's 
care, but not until she had given him, through her superior musical 
acquirements, that correct ear for the notation of sound which made 
him in after life such a capable phoneticist, and enabled him to form 
such accurate judgments in that branch of philology which he made 
his special study. 

In the fall of 1826, when in his fifteenth year, he was taken to 
Harrisburg, and placed under the care of Dr. John Miller Keagy, 
who, having relinquished the practice of medicine, opened, at this 
time, a classical school, taking a few attendants, as boarders, into his 
family; among them young Haldeman and Andrew G. Curtin. 
Haldeman remained with Dr. Keagy for two years, and the intimate 
relations thus begun between teacher and pupil were cherished 
and preserved during the remaining brief years of the teacher's 
life ; while the pupil tenderly showed his appreciation for the char- 
acter and ability of his early friend, by several tributes to his 
memory, preserved respectively in Mombert's History of Lancaster 
County, Pa., 1869; Barnard's Journal of Education, 1 871 ; and the 
Pennsylvania School Journal, 1875. He speaks of him as a "great 
teacher" and says " besides the classical languages, Dr. Keagy 
knew Hebrew, German and French. He had a taste for the 
natural sciences, and in the absence of class books he taught orally 
in an excellent conversational style." From Dr. Keagy's school 
young Haldeman entered Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 
where his fondness for the natural sciences was fostered and ad- 
vanced by his intercourse with the highly accomplished Professor 
Henry D. Rogers, one of the faculty. 

Feeling trammelled, however, by the routine progress of a col- 
lege course, he left Carlisle at the close of his second year and 



returned to his home. Here, he spasmodically assisted his father 
in the saw-milling business, but he found this less to his taste even 
than college life had been. Restraint of any kind seemed unbear- 
able, as it was intolerable, to his active mind : he felt that he must 
follow the bias of his own inclination or stand still. With this 
nature and a mind so organized, it is fortunate that the broad 
acres of science attracted him, for here was a field open on every 
side, where he could roam and burrow and plough as he would. He 
eagerly availed himself of the favorable opportunities for the 
observations of nature, afforded him by the situation and surround- 
ings of his paternal home. From an itinerant Methodist preacher, 
he had early acquired some knowledge of the method of preparing 
zoological specimens, and at once exercised his art upon rabbits, 
possums, muskrats and other animals, which he stuffed and placed 
in his amateur collection. With a view also of preparing himself 
more completely for the study of the natural sciences,- he attended a 
course of lectures at the medical department of the University of 
Pennsylvania, during the winter of 1853 — 34, but without any 
design of becoming a physician. 

In 1835, Mr. Haldeman was married, by the Rev. H. B. Shaffner, 
to Miss Mary A. 1 lough, of Bainbridge, Pa., a direct lineal de- 
scendant of " John Hough, yeoman of Hough, County Chester, 
England, and Hanna his wife, who arrived in the river Delaware 
in the 9th mo. 1683, in the ship' Friendship,' master, Robert Cross- 
man." This lady was in every way fitted to be the helpmeet to a 
man of Dr. Haldeman's temperament, and it is a pleasure, as well 
as our privilege, to acknowledge the indebtedness we are under to 
Mrs. Haldeman, for the generous aid she has given us in the pre- 
paration of this memoir. Shortly after his marriage, Dr. Haldeman 
removed to Chickies, Pa., and took up his residence in the spacious 
mansion which he subsequently occupied through life, and which he 
named Chicquesalunga, the Indian name of the place. Here, later, he 
was joined by two brothers, Dr. Edwin and Paris Haldeman, and 
the three associated together in the manufacture of iron. As might 
be expected, Dr. Haldeman did not personally take any active 
management of the business during the many years of its contin- 
uance, but devoted himself to its theoretical advantage, where his 
chemical knowledge became of marked use. In this connection 
he wrote for a number of Silliman's Journal a paper on the Con- 



struction of Furnaces to sun// Iron with Anthracite, and in another 
gave The result of smelting Iron with Anthracite, while in 1855, he 
published a revised edition of Taylor's Statistics of Coal. 

The year of his marriage, Dr. Haldeman, also, made his first 
appearance as an author, contributing to the Lancaster Journal, an 
article in refutation of Locke's Moon Hoax. To understand the 
true importance of this subject, we must step back nearly half a 
century and look at the question, as it first presented itself for con- 
sideration, without the help of subsequent development. It will 
be remembered that Richard Adams Locke, the editor of the Nezv 
York Sun, published in the columns of that daily paper, in several 
successive issues, in August and September, 1835, the Extraordi- 
nary Discoveries in the Moon by Sir Jolin Herschell at the Cape of 
Good Hope, purporting to be copied from a " Supplement to the 
Edinburgh Journal of Science," in which it was pretended that, with 
a telescope twenty-four feet in diameter, animals had been observ- 
ed moving in the moon. It can readily be imagined the intense 
excitement the report of such a wonderful discovery would univer- 
sally create, and the report was written with such infinite ability 
and couched in language so alluring, that, it was well calculated to 
deceive an unsuspecting public. The press all over the country 
teemed with communications for and against the truth of the dis- 
covery, and the demand for the original report became so great, that 
the proprietors of the journal had an edition of sixty thousand, pub- 
lished in pamphlet form, which was sold off in less than a month. 
The following extract will give an idea of Dr. Haldeman's handling 
of the subject, and shows the searching scrutiny he from the first 
brought to bear upon the investigation of scientific subjects. "The 
magnifying power of the new telescope is said to be 42,000 times, 
and capable of distinguishing objects of a few inches in diameter 
on the lunar surface. Now this power is much too great for an 
instrument twenty-four feet in diameter, and still not great enough 
to distinguish objects of eighteen inches. The'unassisted eye, when 
viewing the moon, can distinguish a spot of about seventy miles, 
and of course with a telescope magnifying seventy times, one mile 
of lunar surface would just be visible. According to the rule for 
calculating the power of telescopes, it would require a magnifying 
power of 37,000 to distinguish ten feet of lunar surface, and a lens 
to produce this power could not be less than sixty feet in diameter, 



8 

with a focal distance of three hundred feet. From this we may 
judge to what an extent the powers of a twenty-four foot diameter 
telescope, have been overrated.'' 

He now yearned for that opportunity for investigation, which 
his amateur researches and explorations in several departments of 
natural science, had given the foretaste; and upon making his wishes 
known to his old preceptor, Prof. Rogers, then in charge of the 
geological surveys of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, he was ap- 
pointed in 1836, an assistant in the former, and the following year 
was transferred to a similar position in the latter. His field of op- 
eration was that part of the State, lying between the Blue Mountain 
and the South Mountain, from the Delaware to the Maryland line ; 
the most important division in the State, owing to the intri- 
cacy of the geology of the section. While engaged in this occu- 
pation he discovered the Scolithus linearis, a new genus and species 
of fossil plant, and the most ancient organic remains found in 
Pennsylvania, upon which he published a monograph in 1840. 
During his explorations, being in the vicinity of Hummelstown, he 
recollected the extravagant description given in Guthrie's Geogra- 
phy, which had been given to him when a boy by his grandfather 
Hal-Jeman, who was a subscriber to Carey's first American edition 
of 1794, of the cave on the Swatara. Upon visiting the place he 
discovered the main cave, previously unknown, by climbing to a 
small hole into which he crept, and found a descent, where a rope 
was required to reach the floor. In the apartment thus entered for 
the first time, every delicate stalactite was perfect ; there was not a 
footprint on the soft clay floor, and the bones of bats were the 
only signs of prior occupants. 

As he has, himself, said, " I collected shells on the banks of the 
Susquehanna long before I knew the meaning of genus and species ;" 
so his first important treatise was in the attractive department of 
conchology. In July, 1S40, he issued the first number of his 
Freshzvater Univalve Mollusc a of the United States, which was com- 
pleted in nine parts, the final number not appearing until 1866, 
although the title page bears the imprint, 1845, when the text and 
plates were ready for the press. This monograph was well received 
and the Revue Zoologique, of Paris, commended it as "very well done 
in a scientific point ol view, and perfec.ly executed in regard to the 
plates and typography." The correctness of this criticism, upon 



the forty plates at least, can well be appreciated when we state that 
they were all engraved by Alexander Lawson, who produced the 
beautiful plates for Wilson's Ornithology, from drawings made by 
his accomplished daughter, Miss Helen A. Lawson, who also col- 
ored the illustrations from the natural objects. The complete vol- 
ume has for embellishment, beside those necessarily belonging to 
the text, a portrait of the author and a view of bis home, Chicque- 
salunga. As may readily be conceived from the desultory manner 
of publication, this work complete has become exceedingly difficult 
to obtain, and copies have brought, it is reported, as high as twenty 
five and thirty dollars. While he was issuing this work he pro- 
jected another serial, to which he gave the general title of Zoologi- 
cal Contributions, Three numbers only were issued; in 1842, On 
some American Species of Hydraclinidce ; in 1843, On the impro- 
priety of using vulgar names in Zoology, and in 1844, On the Ar- 
rangement of Insect Cabinets, with a view to indicate the geograph- 
ical position of the species by colored labels, a plan which, we be- 
lieve, has been universally adopted. 

From his first appearance as a writer upon natural history, Dr. 
Haldeman seems never to have been idle, and Agassiz, in his 
Bibliographia Zoologica? et Geologiccs, 1 852, enumerates no less than 
seventy-three separate titles from his pen as having appeared up to 
that date. The majority of these papers were published in the Journal 
or the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
delphia ; The Boston Journal of Natural History ; Silliman's Jour- 
nal of Arts and Sciences ; The Transactions or the Proceedings of 
the American Philosophical Society ; The American Journal of 
Agriculture, and the Proceedings of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science: and are principally upon one or the 
other of his, up to that time, favorite subjects, — entomology or con- 
chology. In addition to these, however, he wrote for Trego's Geo- 
graphy of Pennsylvania, 1843, outlines of the Zoology of the 
State, covering the ground, in so short a space, very fully; forRupp's 
History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1844, a sketch of the 
Natural History, including the geology, of the county ; for Dr. 
Chenu's magnificent folio, Illustrations Concliyliologiques, Paris, 
1847, a Monographic du genre Leptoxis, with one hundred and 
seventy colored figures, and for the American edition of Heck's 
Iconographic Encyclopaedia, 1851, edited by the present able 



IO 

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Professor Spencer F. 
Baird, Zoology of the Fnverti brate Animals. 

Beside the investigations'and discoveries in the natural sciences 
by Dr. Haldeman, that have already been mentioned, lie was the 
first to record that the peregrine falcon nests in rocks, as in Europe, 
and not in trees, as Wilson and others had supposed ; and also 
that the American eagle is a fishing eagle, and when he cannot 
rob the fish-hawk, will dive after the fish for himself. These two 
observations he had made when yet quite young, as he had secured 
young falcon from the nest in the cliff (Chickies Rock,) which rises 
behind his late residence, and from his father's house, had watched 
the manoeuvres of an eagle who had a nest in a large buttonwood 
tree, on an island, about a mile distant. Me also found and 
described a new species of trilobite in Pennsylvania, which he pre- 
sented to his friend, the distinguished paleontologist of New York, 
Professor James Hall, who named it, in honor of the discoverer, 
/ rot ins Hcddemani, 

Dr. Haldeman very early took a deep interest in the languages 
of the North American Indians, and as an aid to the study of 
ethnology, he now devoted his attention to the science of language 
in general ; and doubtless it will be as a learned and accurate 
philologist that his labors will be best remembered. His investi- 
gations in this most interesting study, were not directed so much to 
the origin and source of language, as to rendering it. facile of 
acquirement and expression — his specialty being, the notation of 
the elementary sounds uttered by the human voice in speech ; thus 
reaching the form of language, which is merely the peculiar method 
of uniting thought with sound. He had carefully considered the 
phoneticism, or manner of pronunciation, of several of the Indian 
tribal languages, before committing his views to print, and so 
thoroughly had he done this, that his first noticeable contribution 
to the science of philology, was accepted for publication in the Pro- 
ceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, at Boston, 
for October, I S49. It was entitled " Some Points in Linguistic 
Ethnology, with Illustrations Chiefly from the Aboriginal Languages 
of North America," and had for its basis the recently published 
Essentials of Phonetics, containing the Theory of a Universal Alphabet, 
by the well-known phonologist, Alexander John Ellis, of Trinity 
College, Cambridge. Dr. Haldeman's paper was prepared with 



II 

much judgment and showed the result of his long, careful study 
of the sounds of the human voice, and which he brought to bear 
with great pungency upon the theories advanced by Mr. Ellis. 
In the course of his inquiries into the phonetic peculiarities of 
the native Indian languages, Dr. Haldeman frequently found him- 
self at a loss to record his results, from the want of a proper alpha- 
bet, and resolving to use the Latin alphabet, strictly according to 
its Latin signification, he determined first to carefully investigate its 
fitness for the purpose, by ascertaining the correct ancient pronun- 
ciation. This special inquiry resulted in the publication of his 
Elements of Latin Pronunciation, 1851, which received a warm and 
universal welcome both at home and abroad, and appeared in a 
second edition twenty-two years later. This was followed in 1853, 
by Investigation of the Power of tin Greek Z, by means of Phonetic 
Lazvs, and in 1 856, by a monograph On the Pc lations between Chinese 
and the Indo-European Languages, and a Report to the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science On the Present 
State of our Knowledge of Linguistic Ethnology, in which he specially 
points out the unphilosophic principles of Professor Lepsius's lately 
published Standa d Alphabet for Reducing Unwritten Languages 
and Foreign Graphic Systems to a Uniform Orthography in Euro- 
pean Letters. 

The studies which resulted in the preceding publications, 
together with his lectures on the Mechanism of Speech, before 
the Smithsonian Institution, prepared Dr. Haldeman, to compete for 
the prize of £100 offered by Sir Walter Trevelyan, President of the 
Phonetic Society of Great Britain, for the best essay " On a Reform 
in the Spelling of the English Language, to contain among other 
features an Analysis of the System of Articulate Sounds — an Expo- 
sition of those occurring in English — and an Alphabetic Notation, 
in which as few new types as possible should be admitted." There 
were eighteen essays submitted in competition, all by learned 
European philologists, excepting Dr. Haldeman, and none of them, 
in the opinion of the judges appointed to decide upon their merits, 
came up fully to the conditions of the offer. But the judges specially 
commended the essay with the motto, " Fiat justitia mat ccelum' 
and the founder of the prize, himself an accomplished philologist, 
decided to give half the amount to the writer of this essay and the 
balance on his undertaking to revise, complete and publish it. The 



12 

commended essay was the work of the subject of this notice, and 
under date of December 3, 1855, he wrote "To the Adjudicators 
upon the Essays placed in competition for the Trevelyan Prizes." 
" As I accede to the desire of the learned and noble donor that my 
competing essay should be revised, completed and published, lam 
desirous of having notes and suggestions from any of you, to ena- 
ble me to form an idea of the principles upon which you would 
have liked to see such an essay formed." To prepare him- 
self more thoroughly for the work, Dr. Haldeman made 
a four months' tour on the Continent, " searching for 
phonetic material and confirming or correcting former impressions." 
He returned home in July, 1859, and immediately prepared his 
Prize Essay for the press, which appeared in the spring of i860, 
with the title Analytic Orthography : an Investigation of the Sounds 
of the Voice and their Alphabetic Notation ; including the Mechanism 
of Speech and its bearing upon Ety ;• ology. In forwarding the 
presentation copies to the donor and adjudicators he writes, 
"My notation being based on more rigid principles than 
the alphabets hitherto proposed, will probably be viewed with as 
much distrust by those who have heterotypic prejudices, as the gait 
of a European woman would be regarded by a Chinese lady. But 
whatever merit may be conceded to the general treatment of the 
Essay, I assure you that as much consideration has been given to 
the notation as to the general subject; so that if the reader has 
reason to believe me wrong on this point, he has a just ground to 
suspect the validity of the entire system ; and contrariwise, in pro- 
ceeding in the proper order from the system to the notation." 

Dr. Haldeman, in this treatise, lays down six canons of notation 
ns the basis of a true phonetic orthography. I. "Every simple 
sound or element should have a single letter to represent it." II. 
"No letter should represent more than one sound." III. "Sounds 
made by one contact of the organs of speech are not to be repre- 
sented by a letter made to represent a sound belonging to a differ- 
ent contact." IV. "The group of letters representing a distinct 
word, is to be separated by spacing from preceding and suc- 
ceeding groups and the order of Latin typography is to be pre- 
served." V. "The Latin alphabet should be the basis, each 
letter being used in its Latin sense and restricted to the sound it 
was made for." VI. "When a sound unknown to Latin has arisen, 



13 

it should be provided with a new or modified character." The 
importance of phonology and the necessity for a philosophical 
and scientific basis, for the construction of a general alpha- 
bet to record an unwritten language, rather than leave it to the 
vagaries of each individual who may be called upon to write it for 
the first time, will be admitted at once upon reflecting that all lan- 
guage is in its normal state unwritten and has to be first expressed 
in some characters which will, as nearly as possible, represent the nor- 
mal sound. The first five rules laid down by Dr. Haldeman, seem 
well calculated to assist in overcoming many of the impediments 
presented to those endeavoring to record unwritten tongues, but 
they present the common difficulty, found in most of the similar 
systems, in requiring too varied a knowledge and too great nicety 
for general practical use. Dr. Haldeman's sixth rule, however, is 
open, not only to the serious objection of uncertainty, but also to the 
far greater one of introducing new characters into the alphabet, 
when none but Roman letters should be used. The attempted intro- 
duction of new characters into our written language by the so-called 
"Spelling Reformers," will be one of the principal hindrances to the 
acceptance of certain modifications in spelling, which could and 
should be made. But of this subject, more anon. 

During the next five years, following the publication of the 
Trevelyan Prize Essay, Dr. Haldeman was not idly resting on the 
laurels he had won, although in this period nothing of importance 
proceeded from his pen. But he was at work, hard at work, and in 
1865, he published, what is probably the most generally useful of ill 
his philological works: Affixes ; in their Origin and Application ex- 
hibiting the Etymologic Structure of English Words, a revised edition 
of which appeared in 1871. The labor of preparing such a book 
as this must have been simply enormous, and if Dr. Haldeman is 
correct, that there are not three hundred roots in any language, 
the value and importance of a knowledge of the affixes — prefixes and 
suffixes — which give form and meaning to the whole body of Eng- 
lish words, can readily be seen and appreciated, as the only true 
means of correctly understanding a language is to trace all words to 
their fountain source, the original derivation. This work was earnest- 
ly welcomed by the most competentauthorities in Europe and in this 
country. A writer, in the Contemporary Review, says of it " Mr. 
Haldeman has compressed in an elegantly printed octavo volume 



14 

a collection more rational, complete and exhaustive of the component 
parts of our language than we have had any good right to hope for 
within the present century." 

When the formation of an American Philological Association 
was suggested, Dr. Haldeman, as might be expected, was foremost 
in the ranks of the founders, being enrolled at the first meeting 
held, in July, 1869, at Poughk&epsie, N. Y. From this time until 
his death he was most active in its proceedings, being First Vice- 
President 1874-1876 and President 1876-77. To its published 
volumes of Transactions, he contributed man}' papers, the first be- 
ing on the German Vernacular of Pennsylvania. This curiously 
interesting language, he afterwards made the subject of extended 
examination, at the request of the Philological Society of London, 
the result appearing in 1872, with the title Pennsylvania Dutch: a 
Dialect of South German ivith an impression of English. Dr. Hal- 
deman's last published philological work, Outlines of Etymology, was 
issued in 1877, in the preface to which, he states his object to be " to 
teach etymology as other sciences are taught." An elaborate review 
of this volume will be found in the Penn Monthly for March 1878. 
Dr. Haldeman was one of the earliest movers for spelling reform in 
this country. " Me was a member in 1875 " writes Professor F. A. 
March, of Lafayette College, " of the first committee raised by the 
American Philological Association to consider the reform of Eng- 
lish spelling. He presided at the ' International Convention in be- 
half of the Amendment of English Orthografy ' held at Philadelphia 
in July 1876, and took a leading part in shaping its proceedings. At 
this Convention the Spelling Reform Association was organized, and 
Dr. Haldeman was one of the Vice Presidents. He was also one of 
the Committee on the alfabet and on new spelling. He was a regu- 
lar attendant at all accessible meetings of the Association, often 
presiding, always contributing papers and making the discussions 
lively by constant timely comment, lerned trenchant and mirth-pro- 
voking. He also contributed freely with pen and money to the 
advancement of the cause in every direction. His address to the 
American Philological Association at the close of his presidency of 
that Association in 1877, was devoted mainly to this reform. Sev- 
eral of his papers ar printed in the Proceedings ami Bulletins of 
the Spelling Reform Association. He was strongly in favor of 
pushing for the thoro adoption of the Continental values of our let- 



15 

ters." That somecbange in the present cumbrous system of spel- 
ling is desirable, there can be no doubt. But how is it to be ac- 
complished? To be universally accepted, it must be based upon 
some immutable standard. But what shall that standard be? If 
any rule of pronunciation could be absolutely fixed, then that the 
spelling should follow the sounds of the voice in correctly uttering 
words, would seem the most rational and wise. But is this pho- 
netic method practicable? It seems to us that there are two great 
stumbling-blocks in the way of introducing phonetic spelling, for 
popular and general use. It takes a very delicate and carefully 
trained ear, to discriminate nicely all the varying and distinct sounds 
the human voice is capable of making, and even although the ear 
may detect them, the voice, from the very nature of the vocal organs, 
cannot always reproduce them. This undeniable fact, among 
adults at least, produces a diversity of pronunciation. Especially 
is this noticeable in the different vowel sounds and can readily be 
observed in adult attemptsto study a foreign tongue. If such then 
is the case, as we contend, the phonetic method would lack uni- 
formity, without which quality it can never become universal, for it 
would be wanting in that great requisite, stability. The next ob- 
jection is more potent even than the last. It is the one raised to 
Dr. Haldeman's sixth rule. If all other difficulties are overcome 
" Spelling Reform," it seems to us, can never become a success, as 
long as one of its requirements is a change in the form of the fa- 
miliar characters of our alphabet, which has stood such good service 
so many hundred years. It is not only a change, a superadded 
diacritical mark, but it is the addition of some dozen new characters 
that is proposed, when a cutting down of the number of the old 
ones would seem wiser. The reform that would soon commend itself 
to the English-speaking peoples, would be the dropping of all silent 
letters, where they appear in words now uniformly and universally 
pronounced without their aid. This would be a conservative reform 
and one that could not meet with reasonable opposition. The im- 
portance of the subject and the deep interest taken in it by Dr. Halde- 
man, must be our excuse for this brief digression. 

Dr. Haldeman, was always much interested in education and 
made a constant crusade against the erroneous statements so often 
present in educational literature, exposing them in print and from 
the rostrum. On one occasion at a meeting of educators at Altoona, 



i6 

Pa., some one present recommended Harper's Willson's Readers, 
when Dr. Haldeman, off-hand, made some remarks pointing out 
their general inaccuracy. Subsequently he published Notes on 
Harper's Willson's Readers (1870), a most scathing review, designed 
to show the injurious effects of placing such inexact matter in the 
hands of the young — it being much worse to teach them wrong 
than not to teach them at all. Of a similar character was his 
Quackery in American Literature and American Dictionaries, both 
of which originally appeared in the Southern Review, to which he 
was a constant contributor. As a relaxation from severe mental 
strain, Dr. Haldeman, in 1864, daintily printed in a limited edition, 
Tours of a Chess Knight, which was designed to show how to per- 
form by dictation and without seeing the chess-board, the problem 
of the Knight's Tour, in which a knight passes over the board, 
touching each spot but once. It contains one hundred and four- 
teen diagrams and is supplemented by a Bibliography of the Chess 
Knight's Tour, embracing sixty titles with explanatory notes. 
This booklet is inscribed with much propriety " To George Allen, 
author of the Life of Philidor," for whose unique chess-library, a 
single copy was printed on superior Dutch writing-paper, which 
was afterwards placed in the hands of those masters of the biblio- 
pegic art, Messrs. Pawson and Nicholson of Philadelphia, who 
bound it superbly in the style of Grolier. In 1868, Dr. Haldeman, 
published his amusing Rhymes of the f'octs by Felix Ago, which, 
although in the line of his phonological studies, was really thrown 
off as a pastime. It consists of specimens of false rhymes from one 
hundred and fourteen prominent writers, of the 17th, 18th and 19th 
centuries and some of the examples thus brought togetherare truly 
ludicrous. For recreation, he tried his own hand at versification 
and he has left in manuscript, two lengthy mock-heroic poems, — 
Flight of the Fishes and Rat and River: a Tale of the Ohio, -both 
of them written in the doggerel style. 

Although always interested in archeology, Dr. Haldeman only 
became actively engaged in the study during the latter part of the 
year 1875. Having been ordered to take exercise for his health, 
he carried out an intention long contemplated of digging for 
Indian relics in what is now known as the Chickies Rock retreat. 
Here in a shallow cave, formed by the anticlinal axis of the rock, 
within the grounds of his own residence, he found the interesting 



17 

collection which he presented to the American Philosophical 
Society, and fully described in a paper read before that body, June 
21, 1878. This monograph, On the contents 0/ a Rock retreat in 
South Eastern Pennsylvania, has been published by the Society, 
since Dr. Haldertian's death, with fifteen large quarto plates. His 
remaining archaeological contributions are On a Polychrome Bead 
from Florida, in the Smithsonian Report for 1 877 ; Gleanings, in the 
American Antiquarian for July 1878; On unsymmetric arrow-heads 
and allied forms, in the American Naturalist for May 1879; and 
Stone Axes from British Guiana and Aboriginal lottery in the 
Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science, 1880. 

From the preceding pages it will be seen what a busy, active, 
earnest life Dr. Haldeman led from the very opening of his 
career and yet the story is only half told. He was chosen professor 
of Zoology in the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, in 1842; Chemist 
and Geologist to the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, 
1852 ; occupied the chair of Natural History in the University of 
Pennsylvania 1850 to 1853, and the same position in Delaware 
College, Newark, 1855 to 1858. When it was thought desirable, 
in 1869, to provide a chair of Comparative Philology in the 
University of Pennsylvania, Professor Haldeman was immedi- 
ately chosen to fill it, and in 1876, the University conferred upon 
him the degree of Doctor of Laws. In addition to the duties 
entailed by these several professorships, he was an active member 
of many learned societies, as their publications fully attest, and he 
was complimented by honorary membership in a number of 
scientific bodies both in this country and in Europe. His published 
writings alone number over one hundred separate titlesand these even 
do not show the whole amount of his literary work. He assisted 
in the preparation for the press of Lynch's Dead Sea Expedition, 
was for some time editor of the Pennsylvania Farmer's Journal and 
edited the department of Comparative Philology and Linguistics 
in Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia, at the same time writing 
some score of articles for its pages. To him often were submitted also 
by the Smithsonian Institution, papers for examination and his opin- 
ion upon the expediency of their publication ; and he has left behind 
him in manuscript, two complete philological works, one on Word- 
Building, now in press, and the other on English Prosody, which it 
is contemplated to publish hereafter. 



18 

Not only did Professor Haldeman freely devote his entire time 
to the investigation and development of his favorite studies, but he 
was equally generous with his money and collections in aiding 
others. To the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, he 
presented the original shells figured in his Freshwater Univalve 
Mollitsca, together with the remainder of the edition of the work, 
while to the Delessert-Lamarek Collection of Paris, he presented 
those figured in his French work on the genus Lcptoxis. Since 
his death, to carry out his wishes, his large collection of aboriginal 
remains has been distributed among the Academy of Natural 
Sciences, the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum of Natural 
History, Central Park, New York, and the Linnsean Society of 
Lancaster, Pa., while his annotated dictionaries have been deposited 
with the Library Company of Philadelphia. 

Dr. Haldeman made six visits abroad for purposes of recreation 
and study, travelling in England, Ireland, Wales and on the conti- 
nent. He was full of anecdote and an excellent story-teller, and he 
would relate with great relish, how at a bal d' opera in Paris, under 
a mask, he talked with a Russian savant in all the principal Euro- 
pean languages. His interlocutor in vain attempting to guess his 
nationality, at last informed him that lie must be a Russian, but 
with sarcastic incredulity; whereupon, Dr. Haldeman repeated a 
verse in Buss, that made the other gasp with wonder when he 
was told that he war; conversing with an American. He also 
travelled through most of the United States, often making extended 
tours in his own conveyance, for the purposes of observation and 
adding to his collections of natural history. Dr. Haldeman was 
fond of intercourse with his fellow-men and very generally availed 
himself of the opportunities, offered by the annual meetings of the 
learned bodies with which he was associated, to meet his co-laborers 
in the various departments of Science. It was on returning from 
one of these reunions that he was struck with the illness that proved 
his last. He had been in attendance at the meeting of the Ameri- 
can Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Boston, 
towards the end of last August, when he read the two archaeolo- 
gical papers before mentioned. On returning home, he complained 
of physical prostration, but could not be induced to lay all work 
aside and take the called-for rest. At last he succumbed and con- 
sented to remain in bed, but it was too late. This was on the 



19 

morning of Friday, September iotli, i88d, and in the evening, at 
seven o'c'ock, lie suddenly passed away. His death was occasioned 
by heart disease, to which he was hereditarily predisposed, and he 
died in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, having united 

himself with that sect late in life, after much consideration of the 
subject. 

Dr. Ilaldeman was a wonderfully practical man for a student, and 
owing no doubt to the cathukcity of his studies, had none of the 
narrowness so common among scientists. He delighted in com- 
municating his varied stores of learning, cither verbally or by letter, 
to the numerous applicants w\\o sought from him light on hidden 
mysteries in science, and was possessed of an inexhaustible fund of 
quaint and comical out-of-the-way things, which he related in a 
manner as dry and humorous as the things themselves. He loved 
a joke, and the wnter remembers to have seen an envelope sent by 
him through the mail, to the Collins Printing House of this city, 
directed to " Jayne's Hair Expectorant Street," with a bottle drawn 
between " Jayne's " and " Street," and some of the letters otherwise 
comically treated. He was free from all jealousies himself and 
seems to have been equally fortunate in not engendering jealousy 
in others, thus he had warm friends and admirers among his scien- 
tific brethren, even although they may have differed with him on 
scientific topics. He was an accomplished linguist and a sound 
and thorough worker in every field he ploughed, the great Agassiz 
saying of him " That man Haldeman has an idea behind every word 
he utters." We will conclude this memoir, in which we have 
endeavored to correctly portray the life and studies of one of our 
foremost students, by giving an appreciation of his philological 
acquirements from the pen of his friend Professor March. " Professor 
Haldeman was in erly life and by his mental constitution a scien- 
tist, and he took hold of the facts of speech in that spirit. He had 
a delicate ear and flexible organs of speech and could pronounce 
with ease the most unutterable savage vocables. His scientific 
habit enabled him to watch and describe the movements of the 
organs in 'producing all sorts of sounds, and to giv the fysical 
processes, or causes, of the changes in the sounds of words from 
age to age. He devoted much study to these subjects, seeking 
living speakers of every nation and tribe, and imitating and record- 
ing their peculiarities. He applied his knowledge of the laws of 



2D 

letter-change to etymology— chiefly so far as I know, to the deriva- 
tion of English words and affixes. His text books on that subject 
ar full of ingenious observation and careful scientific deduction. 

" He was also a great reader of old English books in their erly 
editions, and he treasured in his memory the curiosities of spelling 
and pronunciation, the rimes and puns and (he like, which he 
found there. 

" He busied himself also with the Pennsylvania Dutch, as it is 
called,, and traced it to its sources in Europe. He read largely the 
German works on the science of language ; but he was an indepen- 
dent observer, and more likely to be biasd by his critical temper 
than by absorption in any systems. 

" He was a leader in these branches of study, and perhaps the 
most activ promoter in America of the use in our schools of the 
ancient method of pronouncing Latin and Greek. He will be 
missed by every one at the gatherings he so long enlivened and 
enlightened. We shall not look upon his like agen." 



21 



APPENDIX. 

List of the scientific publications of Professor Haldeman, pre- 
pared by his daughter Mrs. Eliza Figyelmery. 

CONCHOLOGY. 

1. A Monograph of the Freshwater Univalve Mollusca of the U. S. Phila : 1845. 
2 vols., Smo. 40 copper plates, with elaborately finished colored figures. 

2. Monographic du genre Leploxis (Anculosa Say,) Paris : 1847. With 5 plates 
folio, including 170 colored figures. Forming part of Chenu's magnificent Illustrations 
Conchy liologiques. 

3. On the Freshwater Mollusca common to Europe and America, including theo- 
retical observations upon species and their distribution. Prepared at the request of 
the American Association for the Advancement cf Science, and published in the 
" Boston Journal of Natural History," 1844. 

4. On the Habits and Characters of the Melanians of Lamarck, In this paper the 
true characters of this family are given lor the first time. "Silliman's Journal," vol. 41, 
p. 21. 

5. New Species of Cyclas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Phila., 1841. 

6. New species of Fluviatilc Shells. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
vol. 8, 1842. 

7. On Unio Viridis. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 1841, 
vol. 1, p. 104. 

8. Experiment in Transplanting Unio from the Ohio to the Susquehanna. Pro- 
ceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1. 104; 3, 15. 

9. Description of Unio abacoides. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1846. 

10. Strepomatidre, as a nunc for a family of fluviatile mollusca, usuaLy confounded 
with Melania. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, Sept. 1S63, p. 272. 

ENTOMOLOGY. 

11. Catalogue of the Carabideous Coleoptera of southeastern Tenna. Proceed. 
Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1843, p. 295. 

12. 50 new species of CoHoptera, chiefly Carabidse, id. 

13. 10 new insects, id. II, 53. 

14. 7 new Aphides. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. His., 1844. 

15. Materials toward a Hist, of the Coleoptera Longicornia of the U. S., including 
many new species. American Philosophical Trans., 1847. 

16. Additions and corrections to the preceding. Proceed. Am. Phi!. Soc. 1847. 

17. N. American Coleoptera, chiefly in the cabinet of Dr. Le Conte. Jour. Acad. 
of Nat. Sciences, 1848. Containing about 40 new species. 

18. On Cecidomyia robirise, a new species of " hessian fly," which destroys locust 
trees. Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, Oct., 1847. 

19. MeUheimer's Catalogue of Coleoptera of United States. Washington, 1853. 



22 

20. On several new genera and 16 new species of insects. Proceed. Acad. Nat. 

Sciences, vol. 3. p. 124, I49i 34«- . . 

21. On a new organ of >oun.l in LepidopUra. Am. Journ. So. Sdhman, N. S., vol. 5, 

435 8tc.i 1848. 

22. On insects common to the U. S. and New Mexico, id. 1848. 

23 On the occurrence of certain insects in ants' nests, and of chelifer, &C, id. 1848. 

24 On the occurrence of Evania in various parts of the world, carried by the cock- 
roach, which infects ships and upon which it is parasitic. Am. Asso. Adv. Sc, 1847- 

2 5 ' History of Agrilus ruficollis. Am. Jour. Agriculture, Oct. 1S46. 

26. Cryptocephalinarum Boreali. America; diagnoses, cum speciebus nov.s musei 
Leconliani. 21 pages quarto, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1849. 

27 New species of Hymenoptera, of the genera Ampulex, Sigalphus, Chelonus 
Dorylus (the last from Africa,) Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. 4. P 203, i»49- 

2S Report on the paper of Dr. Savage on the driver ants. id. IV, 200. 

29. History of transformations of Covydalus cornutus. Journ. Amer. Acad. Arts and 

Sci., Boston, 1848. . 

3 0. History of Phalangopsis, a genus of Orthoptera, with three new spec.es, two of 
which form a new sub-genus. American Association, Adv. Sc, 1849, p. 346. 

31 On the larva of Physocoelus ii flatus. Id., 1849, p. 347- 

32 On four new species of Hemipteraof the genera Ploiaria, Chermes and Aleurodes, 
and two new Hymenoptera parasitic in the last named genus. Sill.man's Journa » 
Jan. 1850, p. 108— in. 

33. Zoology of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. Insects. Utah, 1852. 

ARACHNIDS. 

34. Four new species of Hydrachna. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. I, 184 and 196. 

35. Nine new species of Hydrachnidx. Zoological contributions, No. I, 1842. 

CRUSTACEA. 

3 6. On five new species of Cypris. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, 1, p. 53- l66 - l86 - 

37 . On a new species of Cyclops. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc, VIII., 1842, 331. 

38. On two new species of Daphnia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Si., I, p. 184, 196. 
1 39. Limnadia corinacea, a new species. Id. p. 184. 

40. Apus affiuis, a new species from the Sandwich Islands. Am. J. Agr. 1847. 

ANNELIDES AND WORMS. 

41 Clepsina scrlra, a new species of leech. Monogr. of Univ. Shells. 

42. Planoria gracilis. The first species discovered in this country. Proceed 
Amer. Asso Adv. Sc. 1849, p. 398. 

4 3 Crcari 1 bil neala an 1 hyalociuda. id. 

44 . On two new species of Tubifex, observed at Pittsburgh, and not before known as 
American. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc, 1842. 

45 On Hydrolimax, a new genus of worms. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, 1842. 

46. On the occurrence of a large species of Filaria in aspeciesof spider (Lycosa,. 
Proceed. Am. Phil. Soc 1847. Afterwards inserted in the Iconographic Encyc. lhis 
is the first discovery of the kind among the spiders. 



23 
GEOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY. 

47. On Scolithus Linearis, a new genus and species of fossil plant, probably llie 
most ancient fossil known. Supplement to Monograph. 1840. Since figured in Hall's 
Paleontology of New York. 

48. On Aeonia ebonina a new species of trilobite. Am. and Agr. October, 1847. 

49. Re, ort to the American Association on certain trilobites. Id. October, 1847. 

50. On a perfect American specimen of the trilobite Fhacops hausmannii, American 
Association, Advancement of Science 1848. 

51. Analysis of a mineral concietion from the grcensand of New Jersey. Journ. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. 1839. 

52. On the artificial production of stypnite Maid. Proc. Acad Nat. Sci. IV. p. 5. 

53. On the preservative qualities of copper, l'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I. 2. 

PHILOLOGY. 

54. System of Phonography. Linnean Record of Pennsylvania College. Vol. I, 
pp. 218-121. 1845. 

55. On the natural order of the articulate sounds of the human voice. Linnean 
Record of Pennsylvania College. II. pp. 172-175. 1846. 

56. On the nature of Diphthongs and the Formation of Syllables, id. 1847. 

57. On the Phonology of the W'yandots. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. IV. 5.68. 1 846. 

58. On some points in Linguistic Ethnology, with illustrations chiefly from the 
Aboriginal languages of America. 1849. Proceed. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences 
Boston. Vol. 2. pp. 165-178. 

59. Elements of Latin Pronunciation. Philadelphia : Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 
185 1. i2mo. pp. 76. 

60. The Etymological Argument. A reply to the objection that " Phonetics deprive 
us of the means ov determining the etymology of words which the old spelling affords." 
Fouelic Advocate, Sinsinati, NovemLur 16, 1850. 

61. Investigation of the Power of ihe Greek Z, by means of Phonetic Laws. Proc. 
Am. Asso. Adv. Sc. 1853. 

62. Analytic Orthography (Trevelyan Prize Essay,) an investigation of the sounds 
of the human voice, etc. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, i860. 4to. pp. viii. 148. 

63. Affixes in their Origin and Application. E. H. Butler & Co., Philadelphia, 
1865; second edition, 1871. 121110. pp. 292. 

64. Outlines of Etymology. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, 1877. 12 
pp. 113. 

65. Word Building. In press. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia. 

66. Pennsylvania Uuti.li, a dialect of bouth German with an infusion of English. 
Read before the Philological Society of London, Jure 3, 1870. Published by the 
Refjrmed Publication Board, Philadelphia. 1872. 121110. pp. viii, 69. 

67. The Etymologic oljection to the spelling reform. Proceedings of the National 
Educational Association, 1879. p. 267. 

68. On a supposed mutation bttween L. and U. Transactions American Philo. 
logical Association. 1876. 

69. Relations between the Chinese and the Indo-European languages. Proceed- 
ings American Association, 1856. Adv Sci. pp. 201 — 213. 

70. Report on the present state of our knowledge of Linguistic Ethnology. Pro- 
ceedings American Aisociation for the Advancement of Sc.en^e, 1856. 



2 4 

71. Notes on Etymology. Penna. School Journal, May, 1874. 

72. Etymology as a means of liducation. Read before the State Teachers' Associa- 
tion cf Pennsylvania. Published in the Pennsylvania School Journal, October, 1868. 

73. On an English consonant mutation present in Proof, Prove. Transactions 
American Philological Association, 1875. 

74. On an English vowel mutation present in Cag, Keg. Transactions American 
Philological Association, 1874. 

75. Review of Prof. Blair's Latin Pronunciation. Southern Magazine, October, 
i873- 

76. Review of Prof. Shepherd's History of the English Language. Southern Mag- 
azine, January, 1875. 

77. Review of Prof. Fisher's three pronunciations of Latin. Stoddart's Review, 
1880. 

78. On several points on the Pronunciation of Latin and Greek. Wisconsin Acad- 
emy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 1873. Vol. 2. 

79. Virgil's Hexameters. Transactions American Philological Association, 1878. 

80. On the Pronunciation of Latin as presented in several recent grammars. 
Transactions American Philological Association, 1S75. 

81. American Dictionaries. Southern Review, July, 18691 pp. 34-69. 

82. Northern Geographies. Southern Review, January, 1869. 
£3. School Readers. Southern Review, April, 186S. 

84. Quackery in American Literature. Southern Review, January, 1868. pp. 16. 

85. On the German Vernacular of Pennsy.vania. Transactions American Philo- 
logical Association, 1869-70. 

86. Historic Spelling. Bulletins Spelling Reform Association, 1877-80. 

ARCHAEOLOGY. 

87. On unsymmetric arrow-heads and allied forms. American Naturalist. May 
1879. pp. 292-294. 

88. On a polychrome bead from Florida. Smithsonian Report, 1877. PP- 3 02 -3°5 • 

89. Gleanings. American Antiquarian, vol. I, Xo. 2, 1S78. pp. 77-81. 

90. Stone axes from British Guiana. American Association, Adv. Sc. 1F80. 

91. Remarks on Aboriginal pottery. American Association, Adv. Sc. 1SS0. 

92. On the contents ola Rock Retreat in South-eastern Pennsylvania. Transactions 
American Philosophical Society, vol. XV, pp. 351-368. 

93. Chickies Rock Retreat. Comple-rendu de la Societe des Americanistes. Vol. 2. 
PP- 3 1Q -327- plate - 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

94. Zoology of the invertebrate animals ( Entomology, Conchology, and Radiata.) 
in the Iconographie Encyclopaedia, New York, 1S51. 

95. An.itOinic.il examination of salamandra, erythronota and cinerea ; showing them 
to be distinct species. Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1S47, III., 315. 

96. On several fishes of the Susquehanna. Journal Academy of Natural 
Sciences, VIII., 330, and supplement to monograph (ccltus viscosus). See American 
Association, Adv. Sc. 1849, p. 41 1. 



25 

97- On some facts in ornithology. Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1,54. 

9S. Proposal to substitute lh< name Hypodon for Diouon as a genus ol cetacea. 
Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1, 127. Other substitutions in Entomology, 
id., p. 191, 1S42. 

99. Sketch of the natural history (including geology) of Lancaster County, Penna., 
18.44. Rupp' History of the Co., Chapter XIII. 

100. Outline of the Zoology of Pennsylvania. In Trego's Geography of the State, 

t&l 1- PP- 75-S.v 

101. On the impropriety of using vulgar names in Zoology. Zoological Contribu- 
tions, No. 2, 1S43, IT- 7 — 34' 

102. On the arrangement of insect cabinets to indicate geographical position by 
colored labels. Zoological Contributions. No. 3, 1844. pp. 35-40. Map. 

103. Results of smelting Iron with Anthracite. Silliman's Journal, Vol. 5, p. 2^6. 

104. On the const! uction of furnaces to smelt iron with Anthracite. Id., July, 
1848. 

105. On the apparent projection of a planet upon the moon's disk during an occul- 
tation. Proceed. Am. Phil. Soc, 1S47. 

ic6. Introductory Lecture to a course on Zoology before the Franklin Institute 
Philadelphia, 1842. 

107. Address upon laying the corner-stone of the Linnean Hall of Pennsylvania 
College, Gettysburg, July 23, 1846. pp. 12. 

108. Notice of the Zoological writings of Ratinesque. Silliman's Journal, 1842 
Vol. 42, p. 280. 

109. On Zoological nomenclature. Silliman's Journal, 1843, vol. 46, p. 18. 

no. On the chromatograph, a modification of the chromatic wheel of Newton. 
American Association, Adv. Sc. 1847. 

ill. On an electrical phenomenon. Silliman's Journal, vol. 46, p. 215. 

112. Report on the Progress of Entomology in the United States during the year 
1849, by the chairman of the entomological committee. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1850, 
vol. 5, p, 5. 

113. Modern Spiritism. Penn Monthly, Nov., 1877, p. 835. 

114. Notes on Willson's readers, 1864. Revised Edition, 1870. 12 mo., pp. 36. 

115. Rhymes of the Poets. E. II. Butler & Co . Phila., 1868. 12 mo., pp. 56. 

116. Tours of a Chess Knight. E. H. Butler & Co., Phila., 1864. i6mo., pp. 42. 

117. Memoir of John M. Keagy, M. D, Penna. School Journal, June, 1875. 

118. Refutation of Locke's Moon Hoax. Lancaster Journal, 1835. 

119. Edited Taylor's Statistics of Coal, 1855.* 

120. Edited Pennsylvania Farm Journal, 1851 — 52. 

121. Associate Editor of Johnson's Cyclopaedia, and author of articles in it on 
Metre, Norman French, Participle, Particle, Pennsylvania Dutch, P101 unciation of 
Greek, Pronunciation of Latin, Prosody, Quantity, Rhyme, Rhythm, Roman Arithmetic 
Scotticisms, Verb, Vowel, Word. 

122. Various bibliographical notices in Silliman's Journal. 

In the foregoing list several articles are sometimes thrown together, as in nos, £, 12, 
20, 21, 22, 34, 36, etc. 




26 

LITERARY HONORS. 

UST OF SOCIETIRS OF WHICH PROFESSOR HAU>EMA* WAS A MEMBER. 
\cademy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 1837. 
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, 18.-0. 
American Assoc ; ntion for the Advancement of Science. 1844. 
American Ethnological Society, New York. 
American Oriental Society, New Haven. 1857. 
American Philological Association. 1869. 
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. 1844. 
Association of American Geologists and Naturalists. 1842. 
Boston Society or Natural History. 1840. 
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 1865. 
Entomological Society of Pennsylvania. 1842. 
Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 1*59- 

(Became the American Entomological Society, 1867.) 
Entomological Society of Stettin, Prussia. 1839. 
Imperial Economic Society of St. Petersburg, Russia. l8S7- 
Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore. 1857. 
National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 1876. 
National Institute for Promotion of Science. 1840. 
Natural History Society of Nuremberg. i849- 
New York Historical Society. 1850. 
New York Lyceum of Natural History. 1846. 
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. 187 1. 
Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. 1852. 
Pennsylvania Historical Society. 1846. 
Spelling Reform Association. 1876. 
Societe Cuvierienne, Paris. 1842. 
Societe d'es Americanistes, Belgium. 1876. 
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 
Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison. 1854. 



